Miscellaneous Occupations
Firozpur is a predominantly rural
district, with approximately 80 per cent of its total population living in
villages and about 20 per cent in towns. The main profession of the people, inhabiting the rural areas, is
agriculture and manual labour. The urban population depends upon
non-agricultural activities, such as household industry, manufacturing industry
transport, trade, commerce, etc. Persons absorbed in service constitute about 4
cent of the total population of the District.
A glance at the modern urban or
rural life reveals that there are certain means of livelihood which come
neither directly under the purview of industry nor under that of agriculture,
but most of which are in the form of services and sales , essential to the
maintenance of a certain standard of living. These occupations are the results
of the economic development in a
particular region and their position fluctuates with the changes in the
standard of living of the populace. Most of the miscellaneous occupations
are interlocking, or interdependent on
the another and often one creates a place for another. These occupations use
the available local labour and, thus, provide the people with employment and
means of livelihood and cater for the daily needs of the people, and provide
them with all sorts of goods and services. The existence or essentiality of
such occupations is felt more in the urban areas than in the rural areas.
Moreover, the changes in the social structure, such as the breaking up of the
joint-family system, a sense of decent living and economic stability, free
movement of labour, changes in habits or likings, consciousness of standard of
living, etc. have provided a good chance for the structure of miscellaneous
occupations to create a position of importance in the socio-economic field.
According to 1971 Census, the total population
of the district was 10,44,936 (5,57,286 males and 4,87,650 females), of which
8,13,386 persons were living in rural areas, and 2,31,550 in urban areas. The
total number of workers was 3,08,343 (2,44,865 rural and 63,478 urban), of
which 2,225893 were cultivators and agricultural labourers, and remaining
82,450 as other workers. Of the total working force of the District, 27,694
were engaged in ‘other service’, which included services like the generating
and supplying of electricity and water, besides sanitary, medical and public
health, legal, business, recreational and personal services. They also included
general labourers, engaged in miscellaneous occupations.
The new national set-up in the
country after Independence and the rapidly developing economy have opened up
vast avenues of employment, and, consequently, there has been an appreciable
increase in employment in different occupations. Besides, the economic
development achieved through the successive Five-Year-Plans has provided scope
for these occupations to grow and form their own groups. Though their
activities are mainly confined to the urban areas, they are now making an appearance in the
countryside also. Persons in services and earning through miscellaneous
occupations form a very small proportion of the total population of the
district. They include Government or semi-government servants and persons
employed in education, law, medical, engineering, personal, domestic services,
etc.
(a)
Public
Administration
Central, State and Local Government Service --- Since the
close of the eighteenth century, the Firozpur City has been the seat of
administration. With the expansion of different departments and the creation of
new ones, the number of Government employees has shown a considerable rise,
especially after Independence. Besides, increase in population,
decentralization of administration, expansion of educational and irrigation
facilities, opening of public-health and construction divisions and the advent
of Panchayati Raj have resulted in a manifold
increase in the number of Government employees. As on 31 March 1979,
there were 17,522 Government employees in the District as compared with 14,171
on 31 March 1974.
In spite of the low scales of pay,
Government jobs have always had a special fascination for the people, because
these jobs assure them fixed income. In addition to their basic pay, the
Government employees are paid regular dearness allowance and house-rent
allowance, the quantum of which varies according to the scale of pay. Loans are
advanced by the Government for constructing houses, purchasing vehicles, etc.
The employees are also provided with
residential quarters. There is also a provision for compulsory contribution to
the provident fund for Government employees so that their dependants may be
provided for in case their premature
death. On superannuation, the Government employees are entitled to the benefits
of compassionate gratuity, pension, etc. The railway authorities provide quarters
for their employees on nominal rent and issue free and privilege passes for
travelling to he employees and their families. They are also provided with
uniforms. Class IV employees, under the State Government and the Central
Government, are also given free liveries.
Public
Employees’ Organization – A number of organizations have been formed by the public employees to safeguard their
service interests and for recreational and cultural purposes. A list of these organizations is given below
:
1
The M.E.S Civilian Workers’ & Employees’ Union, Firozpur
Cantonment.
2. The Northern Railway Welding & Trading Contractor’s
Association,
Firozpur.
3.
The Station-master’s Group Association, Firozpur.
4.
The Firozpur Agro industries Association, Firozpur.
5.
The Punjab Government Labour Union, PWD, B & R, Firozpur City.
6.
The Firozpur Central Co-operative Bank Employees Union, Firozpur.
7.
The Fazilka Central Co-operative Bank Employees, Union Fazilka.
8.
The Municipal Employees’ Union, Firozpur
9.
The Municipal Staff Union, Abohar.
10.
The Nagarpalika Karamchari Sangh, Firozpur.
11.
The Safai Karamchari Union Nagarpalika, Firozpur City.
12.
The Harijan Worker’s Union Cantonment Board, Firozpur City.
13.
The Municipal Mazdoor Sabha, Abohar.
14.
The Safia Sewak Union Municipal Committee, Abohar.
15.
The Municipal Fire Brigade Employees’ Union, Firozpur.
As a result of
the efforts of these organizations, the conditions of the employees of
different categories has considerably improved.
(b) Learned Professions
Educational
Service --- The teaching profession
plays no small part in the life of the District. the Sikh Kanya Maha Vidhalaya,
Firozpur, was the first girls’ school to be started in the District in 1883.
The Arya Samaj Orphanage, Firozpur, was founded in 1878 with separate schools
and hostels, boys and girls.
The total number
o teachers working in the recognized schools of different categories in the
District, as on 30 September 1979, was 6,395. This number does not include the
clerks and the non-teaching staff employed in these institutions. The persons
engaged in the teaching profession are much respected by the people. They are
also well paid now. For some time past, the number of women employees in the
teaching profession is on the increase.
Medical
and Health Services – The total number of persons engaged in the profession
of medical and health services in the District rose from 2,043 in 1977 to 2,326
in 1979. This number included doctors, nurses, midwives and dais. There is also
a large number of private medical practitioners in the District. Homeopathy is
practiced by some in the towns. The Ayurvedic and Unani systems are, however,
liked more by the people because of simpler and familiar medicines prescribed.
The State Government is also giving better recognition to these systems. The
doctors and physicians employed in Government hospitals get a fixed salary. But
the income received by the private doctors and physicians invariably depends on
their reputation for efficiency. Generally, no consultation fee is charged by
private doctors and physicians, but the cost of the medicines supplied covers
the consultation fee also.
There was a time when the people in
the rural areas could not get medical aid at the time of illness. But, with the
spread of education and scientific treatment of human ills and with the
increased provision of health and other medical facilities, the number of
patients treated in the District has risen considerably. In order to cope with
the growing demand of the people, the number of hospitals and dispensaries is
rising ever year. In 1974, there were 54 hospitals and dispensaries in the
District, equipped with 806 beds, run by the State Government, local bodies and
charitable trusts and endowments. As compared with the above figures, there
were 119 hospitals and dispensaries in the District, equipped with 1,376 beds,
on 1 April, 1980. The above comparison clearly illustrates that now more people
are engaged in medical profession.
On the veterinary side, there is a
network of veterinary hospitals and dispensaries in the District to improve
cattle breeds and treat various diseases of animals.
Legal
Services – The profession includes barristers, advocates, pleaders, and munshis.
Lawyers have, in fact, to work as a link between the litigant public and the
Government officials. The number of persons engaged in this profession is
increasing day by day consequent upon the general rise in the literacy and
educational standards of the area. There are three bar associations in the
District, one at the District headquarters at Firozpur, two at the tehsil
headquarters at Zira and Fazilka. Theses associations are rendering
useful service and are responsible for maintaining the right professional
conduct, towards the public.
Engineering
Services --- The engineers have contributed a good deal to the constructive
plans at the District headquarters as well as the sub-divisional level. It is
due to them that development works, such as the opening of canals, the
construction of roads and the extension of electricity installations to the
remote corners of the area, are being completed. The details of the personnel
employed in engineering services of the Government department, have been given
in the chapter ‘Other Departments’. Also, a number of persons are carrying on
their profession as contractors and architects or consulting engineers.
(b)
Personal and
Domestic Services
Personal Services --- Barbers,
washerwomen, launderers, tailors, water-carriers, weavers, cobblers, carpenters
and the like constitute this group. These services employ a considerable number
of persons as described in the following account :
Barbers
--- Some religious practices have
given a secured position to the barbers. Ono the occasions of marriage, the
thread-wearing ceremony, funeral rites, etc. they are required to present. In
the rural areas, they get remuneration for their services in kind at the time
of harvesting, while in the towns they get it in cash.
The old practice of barbers going from place to place in search of
customers has almost vanished. Instead, barbershops are coming up even in the
interior parts of the District. In the rural areas, the practice of visiting
houses of their clients by the barbers is still in vogue. The wife of the
barber, called nain, also does some sort of periodical hair-cleaning of the
womenfolk of the families to which the barber is attached.
In the urban areas, hairdressing
saloons or beauty shops are becoming popular. These are equipped with modern
tools and instruments for hairdressing and hair-cutting. The practice of
visiting the houses of their customers by the barbers has become out of
fashion. The customers too, feel it easier, convenient and cheaper to visit the
saloon for a shave or hair-cut. Generally, the barbers charge Rs. 2 to Rs. 3 for
a hair-cut and 50 paise to Rs. 1 for shave.
It is to be noted that most of
workers in this profession are not indigenous to the District, but hail from
other States , especially Rajasthan and Haryana.
The barbers in the town have formed
organizations for their economic and social welfare. Tuesdays are, generally,
observed as holidays by them .
Washerwomen --- Laundering
is now becoming popular and a paying profession. Most of the good laundries
are, however, located in the urban area. In the rural areas, the washerwomen
move from door to door to collect
clothes and to return those already washed. The laundry business has adversely
affected the washermen, since laundries
are more prompt and efficient than washermen. Generally, the laundries employ washermen for washing and
pressing the clothes at the shops.
There are a number of dry-cleaning concerns in the cities and towns. They have
set up modern dry-cleaning plants. Their charges vary from Rs 7 to 9 for dry-cleaning
a woollen or a terylene suit. The average rates for washing and pressing cotton
clothes are 40 to 50 paise and 20 –25 paise per piece respectively.
Tailors --- Big tailoring
establishments are found confined to
the urban areas. In recent years, this paying profession has attracted more and
more educated persons. Tailors in the urbans areas make pants, trousers, coats,
skirts, bush shirts jackets, nightgowns, achkens, lady coats, salwars, blouses
and cotton and woollen suits (for men and women) of various designs and cuts,
whereas in the rural areas, they, generally, stitch kurtas, pyjamas, shirts,
kachhas, salwars, ghagras, chaddars, etc. Most of the tailors have their own
machines and work independently. The rates charged by them in the urban and
rural areas vary much.
The old practice of the tailors ‘ (darzis) going to different houses
for sewing clothes does not now exist, except on the occasions, of marriages,
etc. Some people call the darzis to their houses for the preparation of costly
clothes and garments under their own
supervision. Nowadays, the tailors are paid in cash even in the rural areas.
Some tailors also work on commission basis with big concerns.
Self-employment ---- Self –employed persons include weavers,
shoe-makers, potters, sweepers, handcart-pedlars, railway station or
bus-station porters and vendors, hosiery weavers, etc. Most of the persons
associated with such professions are local and are spread throughout the
District. Only a few of them are the residents of the adjoining districts of
Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. In the rural areas, some of them work as
siris (shar-croppers) to landowners. Julahas (weavers)earn their livelihood by
preparing yarn, kheses, sheets (chaddars), etc. But the economic condition of
the people of the category has not improved so far.
Sweepers in the rural are paid
annually in the form of wheat and other crops, whereas in the cities they
charge Rs. 2 to 5 per month from each family in addition to a chapati daily and
other gifts on auspicious occasions. The also work as tenants and siris in
villages with the landlords. In the urban areas, they usually get employment in
hospitals, dispensaries, etc. Their lot has not improved much.
Domestic
Services --- Cooks, indoor
servants, water-carriers, bus-drivers, cleaner and chauffeurs, etc. constitute
this group. Improvement in the economic condition of the people during the last
few years, especially in urban areas, has brought about an increase in the
number of domestic servants. The people living in villages are used to do work
with their own hands, but some landlords employ ploughmen and labourers who also attend to other domestic chores of
their employers. The persons of mediocre means find it difficult to afford
domestic servants in these days. Most of the domestic servants are local or
from the nearby villages and a few have come from the Kangra District (Himachal
Pradesh) and the Hoshiarpur District of the Punjab).
The remuneration paid to domestic
servants in the shape of wages, food and clothing differs from place. On an
average, a domestic servant gets Rs. 100 a month plus meals and clothes. Some
well to-do families also employ female
domestic servants to do household jobs
or for looking after their children. They are provided with food, clothing,
lodgin etc. in addition to the pay which varies from Rs. 80 to Rs. 100 per
month.
(c)
Miscellaneous
Service
Transport Service :- Road transport plays a vital
role in moulding the social and economic structure of a country. With the
expansion of roads after Independence, the District has developed into a
nerve-centre of transport. The development of transport has opened up avenues
for employment, whereas improved communications have led to the amelioration of
the condition of the people.
Also, the use of private cares,
jeeps, auto-cycles, bicycles, bullockcarts, tongas, rickshaws, and public and
private carriers has also been on the increase. Rickshaws ply in the urban and
semi-urban areas and provide a cheaper means of conveyance. Some persons invest
money on the purchase of these vehicles and hire them out to rickshaws pullers.
A few tongas are also seen plying on the roads. Besides, now
auto-rickshaws, which are much faster,
are also catering for the transport requirements of the people in the District.
Private cars and jeeps also cater for
the needs of their owners in their-day-to-day avocations. The number of such
vehicles has gradually been on the increase. Some of the owners of these
vehicles keep drivers.
A number of transport workers, such as drivers, conductors and
cleaners, are employed in the transport companies. They are provided with various facilities, viz. free uniforms,
bonus, allowance for overtime work, etc. Their income and social status is
better than that of the rickshaw-pullers and tonga-drivers. They have formed
organizations to look after their interests.
ECONOMIC
TRENDS
The economic progress of a region depends on several
factors, important among which are its natural resources, opportunities for their
exploitation, availability of finance, its politically structure and social
set-up obtaining at a particular time. Economic trends serve as a
yardstick by which the economic progress of a region can be measured. The most
important constituents of economic trends are economic stability and progress,
which also indicate the state of economy of the region. These constituents
serve as an index of economic growth. The progressive and dynamic trends bring about fundamental and significant changes in the whole structure of the
economy of the region. In short, economic trends are of help in ascertaining
the overall economic progress and growth of region.
(a) Livelihood
Pattern and General level of Prices and Wages and Standard of Living
Livelihood Pattern :- The
livelihood pursuits of the people of any region, the nature and variety of the
occupations followed, and also the economic development of the area are closely
related to the stages of economic development and the extent to which the
available resources are exploited for the industrial and agronomic advancement
of that region.
Firozpur is one of the riches
districts in the State, and agriculture has always been the primary source of
the livelihood of its people. As
elsewhere, the economic life in the villages in the District, before the World
War 1 (1914-1918), was not much different from the life under the barter system. The villages were like
small republics, isolated and
self-sufficient, maintaining the even tenor of their life in a world moving at a
terrific pace. The war shook up the general framework of social and economic
relations among the various groups inhabiting the villages. The position of the menials, the money-lender,
the shopkeeper and the artisan in the village society no longer remained the
same as before the was. The depression of 1929-33 and the Word War II
(1939-1944) further affected the livelihood pattern of the villages. The
Independence and the partition of the country in 1947 threw the whole social
and economic structure out of gear. Immediately steps were, therefore,
taken to rehabilitate the refugees from
the East Punjab and restore the
economic equilibrium of the Indian Punjab. Step by step, further progress was
made under the Five-Year-Plans.
As already mentioned, before the
World War I, agriculture formed the mainstay of the people in the District.
There were no industries worth the name. After the war, there came into
existence cotton-ginning and pressing factories, which favourably changed the
economic life of the people. With the
passage of time, people began to respond
further to industry. On the
partition of the country in 1947, Firozpur became a border district, far away from the markets. In view of the ever
strained relations with the neighbouring Pakistan, very few moneyed people are
coming forward to invest money in the area. Industry has not, therefore,
developed much in it.
The district abounds in cotton, rice, wheat
and oil-seeds and most of the industries are agro-based, i.e. cotton-ginning
and pressing, cotton-weaving, flour-mills and rice-husking and oil-crushing. In
1971, only 7,363 persons were found to be engaged in household industries. The
main occupation of the people is farming. The District is important for the
cultivation of cotton, particularly the long-staple varieties. During the last
few years, the output of the crop has increased much owing to the extension of
irrigation facilities.
The urban population of the District is mainly engaged in industry,
construction, manufacturing articles other than household one, transport,
trade, commerce, and other vocations. The livelihood pattern has undergone a
redical change after the partition of the country in 1947.
In the study of economic growth, manpower plays a
vital role. For economic purposes, the 1971 Census divided the general
population of the District into two categories, viz. workers and non-workers.
Out of the total population of 10,44,936, 3,08,043 were returned as workers and
7,36,893 as non-workers on the basis of economic activity pursued, the workers
were further classified into nine industrial categories, as shown in the
following statement :
According
to the foregoing statement, out of the total population of 10,44,936 in the
Firozpur District, 3,08,043 were engaged
in some kind of economic activity. the number of non-workers was
7,36,893. the ratio of workers of non-workers worked out at 29.5 and 70.05 as
against the corresponding ratio of 28.9 and 71.for the Punjab State.
The
standard of living of a community is also judged from the way its members are
housed. The provision of cheap and decent housing accommodation is the
primary need of a family in civilized
life. It means the provision of
comfortable shelter and such surroundings as would keep the worker healthy, fit and cheerful. It also includes
proper arrangements for water-supply, drainage, lighting and means of
communications in every village and town of the District. In urban areas of the
District, the dwellings are almost entirely pucca and are provided with modern
amenities, such as a kitchen, a bathroom and latrine. Houses in the new
townships are also provided with all such amenities. But, in the rural areas,
the people are not provided with all
these facilities. Most of the dwellings are kacha, whereas a few are partly
pucca and are provided with a baithak (sitting room) for guests etc. More and
more pucca houses are also coming up worth the passage of time. The houses,
have, generally, a big deohri (entrance room), vehra (compound), dalan (a large
rectangular room), etc. There are separate havelis (buildings) for keeping
cattle and fodder, though in some cases, these are also kept in the residential
place. In some villages, people bring water from wells situated outside their
dwellings. But now, under the Integrated Rural Development Programme, 5
villages in each block are selected as model villages and are provided with all
types of amenities, including sanitation etc.
In 1977-78, the income per head in the Firozpur
District was Rs. 2,163 which was 4th in the descending order as
compared with that in other districts
in the State. It is an indicator of the standards of living of the people
residing in the District. The table
that follows shows the district-wise and with respect to the Punjab as a
whole the income per head for the year 1977-78 at the then prevailing prices :
District Per
capita
Income
Ludhiana 2,198
Amritsar 1,891
Rupnagar 1,763
District Per
Capital Income
Bathinda 2,029
Sangrur 2,042
Kapurthala 2,192
Firozpur 2,163
Patiala 2,271
Jalandhar 1,855
Gurdaspur 1,470
Hoshiarpur 1,583
Faridkot 2,152
Punjab State 1,962
(Sources: Economic
Advisor to Government, Punjab, Chandigarh)
The Independence
of the country brought about a radical change in the life of the people, both
in the rural and urban areas. The entire economic structure has been
revolutionized. There is a noticeable change in the food, dress and manners of
the villagers. Even in the remote
villages, one would come across clean-shaven young men, with their hair
properly groomed. The use of the cosmetics and silken clothes among married
women is also on the increase. There is a keen desire for education among the
village folk and literacy is rapidly increasing. There is hardly any village
without a radio-set. Lately,
transistors have become more popular.
The reading of newspapers and discussion on political issues among the villagers is on the increase. With
the development of roads, the cycle has replaced the horse and the pony as a means of conveyance. The
joint-family system, too, has undergone a marked change as a result of the
economic strain. There is a general tendency among the landless labourers and educated members of a joint
family to shift to towns in order to
find better employment or business opportunities.
Prices and Wages --- The level of prices has
a bearing, both on the real income and the standard of living of the
people because it is not the money income
but the purchases through it that matter.
Prices
Prices
play an important role in the economic system of a region and reflect the
changes occurring therein. The rising prices have an obvious impact on the cost
of living. A rise in prices, with income being constant, lowers the purchasing
power of money and affects the consumers directly. A sturdy of the general
level of prices and their trends is, therefore, useful in understanding the
economic condition of the people. A brief history of the movement during the
past century or so is as under :
The
period, from 1861-66, was on of rising prices. during 1866-83, prices began to
fall, except for a sudden jump in the prices of foodstuffs between 1876 and
1879 due to a great famine.
From
1883, the fall in prices was arrested, and after 1885, the country entered an
ear of rising prices. The slow rise in prices of the last decennium gathered
pace in 1893., and continued up to 1913. Prices rose to unprecedented height
during the war years (1914-19). The failure of rains in 1918-19 and 1919-20
accentuated the rise in prices, which reached their highest level in 1920. the
phenomenal rise in prices during the war was a period of hardship for agricultural masses, working labour force and
fixed-income groups.
Having
reached their maximum limits in 1920, the prices began to fall from 1921
onwards. This downward trend was accelerated during the great depression of
1929-33. The prices of primary goods fell more than those of manufactured goods
and the agricultural countries such as
India, were more adversely affected
thereby than the industrial countries. One
serious aspect of the fall in prices was the disparity in the price
level of the raw materials and the manufactured goods. The depression had serious effects on the
internal trade, foreign trade, and the balance of trade. Agriculture received
the severest blow. The peasant’s income
fell, but the land revenue, rent of land, irrigation charges, interest rates,
etc. remained the same.
The
period 1933-39 was that of partial recovery, as there was a limited improvement
in the economic structure of the country. After 1934, prices started improving,
except 1937-38 when there was a recession and set-back. It was only at the
outbreak of the World War II in 1939 that the prices finally started
recovering. During the first three years of the war, the Government did not
move in the matter. The price situation reached serious proportions by 1943
when the Government realized the gravity of the situation and adopted price
control and other necessary measurers
to combat it. These measures achieved a
limited success. The further rise of prices was, of course, checked, though
they could not be brought down.
When
the war ended in 1945, people looked forward to a fall in prices and even the
post-war depression was feared. But contrary to their expectations, the prices
went on rising till they touched giddy heights in the first half of 1951 after
which they declined early on 1952. The remedial measures adopted by the
Government and some favourable international factors brought the prices down.
For two years, the price level remained more or less stable. But again from
June 1955, the prices started rising and remained high except in 1957-58, when
they declined. The price situation continued
to case anxiety during 1958-61. During
the emergency period of the Chinese
aggression in 1962, prices went up like anything. Despite all the remedial
measures adopted by the Government from time to time , the prices maintained
the upward trend during the sixties.
The
upward trend in the prices, which started with the outbreak of the World War II
has continued all through thereafter.
After Independence in 1947, the problems arising from the partition of
the country, irregular rainfall and
consequent shortfalls in the production of foodgrains, boom conditions
created by the Korean War (1950 onwards), increased outlay and taxation
consequent upon the development activities initiated by the Government during
the successive Five-Year-Plans, increase in money-supply increase in population, speculative hoarding of
stocks to boost prices , and the general rise in the level of world prices led
to a spiral of sparing prices, in country, State and District from 1947 onwards.
The
retail prices of foodgrains prevalent at Firozpur, from 1862 to 1932 are shown in the following table :
Detail prices of foodgrains at Firozpur on Ist
January each year in seers and chhataks, per rupee
|
Year |
Wheat SC |
Gram SC |
Maize SC |
Jowar SC |
Bajra SC |
|
1862 to 1866 Average |
31.9 |
40.2 |
40.11 |
42.8 |
36.6 |
|
1872 to 1876 Do |
23.0 |
31.8 |
31.0 |
31.12 |
29.0 |
|
1882-1886 Do |
22.2 |
33.11 |
34.3 |
34.3 |
27.0 |
|
1892-1886 Do |
16.10 |
25.13 |
24.6 |
23.13 |
19.3 |
|
1902 to 1906 Do |
15.6 |
23.3 |
24.10 |
23.0 |
19.13 |
|
1912-1916 Do |
10.10 |
13.14 |
15.12 |
12.8 |
11.8 |
|
1922 |
3.12 |
4.12 |
6.0 |
5.12 |
5.4 |
|
1924 |
10.12 |
14.8 |
15.8 |
13.4 |
12.12 |
|
1926 |
5.12 |
8.0 |
7.12 |
6.12 |
6.12 |
|
1930 |
8.2 |
7.4 |
10.8 |
-- |
8.10 |
|
1932 |
15.0 |
16.0 |
19.0 |
-- |
26.0 |
The
retail prices of a foodgrains in the Firozpur during 1978 to 1980 are shown in
the following table :
Retail
prices of foorgrain of the Firozpur District per Kg. During 1978-80
|
Year |
Wheat Rs |
Gram Rs |
Moong Rs |
Mash Rs |
Massar Rs |
|
1978 |
1.36 |
-- |
4.07 |
3.89 |
4.15 |
|
1979 |
1.44 |
2.49 |
4.62 |
4.31 |
4.22 |
|
1980 |
1.43 |
3.26 |
4.88 |
3.89 |
4.59 |
(Statistical Abstracts of
Punjab 1978-80 )
The price
of foodgrains in the Firozpur District during 1975-76 to 1979-80 are also shown
in the following table :
|
Year |
Wheat Rs |
Gram Rs |
Maize Rs |
Jowar Rs |
Bajra Rs |
|
1975-76 |
110 |
116 |
90 |
97 |
90 |
|
1976-77 |
112 |
155 |
90 |
110 |
98 |
|
1977-78 |
118 |
180 |
114 |
117 |
111 |
|
1978-79 |
121 |
190 |
129 |
115 |
98 |
|
1979-80 |
123 |
210 |
130 |
134 |
120 |
(Source District
Statistical officer, Firzopur)